at "0:44" isn't Sal supposed to write (((+-5)^)^) just like he did for 9?

Good observation! (At first I instinctively replied "No, he wasn't. What he wrote is correct.", but that is because I was too focused on your un-mathematical notation. ("^" does not equal "²", you need to write it as "^2" if you don't have access to the "²" symbol. The symbol "^" stands for to-the-power-of, not for to-the-power-of-two.) Also, (±5²)² would equal 625, which is not the 25 we need. But he could (and should) have wrote ±5x². So you are right.

At 1:27 where did the 2 come from?

Sal is using the pattern created by squaring a binomial. Here's the pattern: (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2 Here's where the 2 comes from... use FOIL and multiply (a+b)(a+b) ... (a+b)(a+b) = a^2 + ab + ab + b^2 Notice... the 2 middle terms match. When you add them you get 2ab. That's where the 2 comes from. Hope this helps.

How would you solve an equation with a 4th degree but doesn't factor out?

There is an equation called the quartic equation that can be used to solve 4th degree polynomials. Check out the wikipedia article on it for more (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_function)

At 0:48, he says that it is (5x^2)^2 , but at 0:57, he says that (3x^2) can also be (-3x^2). Can't the (5x^2)^2 also be negative?

Yes, Sal could have written 25𝑥⁴ = (±5𝑥²)², just like 9 = (±3)² That way we would get two choices for the middle term: −30𝑥² = 2 ∙ 5 ∙ (−3) ∙ 𝑥² or −30𝑥² = 2 ∙ (−5) ∙ 3 ∙ 𝑥² Thereby, we also have two choices for the factorization: 25𝑥⁴ − 30𝑥² + 9 = (5𝑥² − 3)² or 25𝑥⁴ − 30𝑥² + 9 = (−5𝑥² + 3)² which makes sense, because squaring 5𝑥² − 3 will give us the same result as squaring its opposite, namely −(5𝑥² − 3) = −5𝑥² + 3

I don't get how 25x^4 equals (5x^2)^2; how did Sal change the 25x^4 to (5x^2)^2 and how do you do the same with similar problems?

Lets say you have something like: z(x + y) In this case, you would distribute the z to x and y: z(x + y) = zx + zy Likewise, you can go backwards and factor out a z when you have: zx + zy = z(x + y) If you have: (xy)^z Then you distribute z to both variables: (xy)^z = (x^z) * (y^z) In this case we have: 25x^4 We can factor out a square (because both 25 and x^4 are perfect squares: 25x^4 = [√(25x^4)]^2 = (5x^2)^2 Notice when you distribute the exponent of 2 back to the 5 and x^2 we get: (5x^2)^2 = 25x^2^2 = 25x^4 Back where we started. Comment if you have questions.

What if the last term is not a perfect square? x^4-4x^2-45

What you are looking at is in the form of the quadratic u^2 - 4u - 45, which factors to: (u - 9)(u + 5), so your polynomial factors to: (x^2 - 9)(x^2 + 5), which factors further to: (x - 3)(x + 3)(x^2 + 5).

Main content

Algebra 2

Course: Algebra 2 > Unit 3

Lesson 5: Factoring using structure

Factoring using the perfect square pattern

Name: Factoring using the perfect square pattern
Uploaded: 2011-02-20T16:29:23Z
Description: Sal factors 25x^4-30x^2+9 as (5x^2-3)^2.

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Sal factors 25x^4-30x^2+9 as (5x^2-3)^2. Created by Sal Khan and Monterey Institute for Technology and Education.

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Jin Hee Kim
Posted 12 years ago. Direct link to Jin Hee Kim's post “at "0:44" isn't Sal suppo...”
at "
0:44
" isn't Sal supposed to write (((+-5)^)^) just like he did for 9?
Button navigates to signup pageComment on Jin Hee Kim's post “at "0:44" isn't Sal suppo...”
(67 votes)
Answer
- Daniel "3ICE" Berezvai
  Posted 12 years ago. Direct link to Daniel "3ICE" Berezvai's post “Good observation! (At fi...”
  Good observation!
  (At first I instinctively replied "No, he wasn't. What he wrote is correct.", but that is because I was too focused on your un-mathematical notation. ("^" does not equal "²", you need to write it as "^2" if you don't have access to the "²" symbol. The symbol "^" stands for to-the-power-of, not for to-the-power-of-two.)
  Also, (±5²)² would equal 625, which is not the 25 we need.
  
  But he could (and should) have wrote ±5x². So you are right.
  Comment on Daniel "3ICE" Berezvai's post “Good observation! (At fi...”
  (73 votes)
Anya Buzard
Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Anya Buzard's post “At 1:27 where did the 2 c...”
At
1:27
where did the 2 come from?
Button navigates to signup pageComment on Anya Buzard's post “At 1:27 where did the 2 c...”
(8 votes)
Answer
- Kim Seidel
  Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Kim Seidel's post “Sal is using the pattern ...”
  Sal is using the pattern created by squaring a binomial.
  Here's the pattern: (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
  Here's where the 2 comes from... use FOIL and multiply (a+b)(a+b) ...
  (a+b)(a+b) = a^2 + ab + ab + b^2
  Notice... the 2 middle terms match. When you add them you get 2ab.
  That's where the 2 comes from.
  Hope this helps.
  Button navigates to signup page
  (11 votes)
ilovealgebra
Posted 11 years ago. Direct link to ilovealgebra's post “Couldn't the answer also ...”
Couldn't the answer also be (-5x^2+3)^2 ...? :)
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(7 votes)
Answer
- alex
  Posted a year ago. Direct link to alex's post “yes, it could. in fact h...”
  yes, it could.
  in fact he can also write (-5x^2)^2 'cause if the power is even base's sign become positive. u right :)
  Button navigates to signup page
  (1 vote)
Ari
Posted 8 years ago. Direct link to Ari's post “I don't get how 25x^4 equ...”
I don't get how 25x^4 equals (5x^2)^2; how did Sal change the 25x^4 to (5x^2)^2 and how do you do the same with similar problems?
Button navigates to signup pageComment on Ari's post “I don't get how 25x^4 equ...”
(3 votes)
Answer
- andrewp18
  Posted 8 years ago. Direct link to andrewp18's post “Lets say you have somethi...”
  Lets say you have something like:
  z(x + y)
  In this case, you would distribute the z to x and y:
  z(x + y) = zx + zy
  Likewise, you can go backwards and factor out a z when you have:
  zx + zy = z(x + y)
  If you have:
  (xy)^z
  Then you distribute z to both variables:
  (xy)^z = (x^z) * (y^z)
  In this case we have:
  25x^4
  We can factor out a square (because both 25 and x^4 are perfect squares:
  25x^4 = [√(25x^4)]^2 = (5x^2)^2
  Notice when you distribute the exponent of 2 back to the 5 and x^2 we get:
  (5x^2)^2 = 25x^2^2 = 25x^4 Back where we started. Comment if you have questions.
  Button navigates to signup page
  (6 votes)
Marielle Carpender
Posted 11 years ago. Direct link to Marielle Carpender's post “How would you solve an eq...”
How would you solve an equation with a 4th degree but doesn't factor out?
Button navigates to signup pageButton navigates to signup page
(4 votes)
Answer
- Ryan Brott
  Posted 11 years ago. Direct link to Ryan Brott's post “There is an equation call...”
  There is an equation called the quartic equation that can be used to solve 4th degree polynomials. Check out the wikipedia article on it for more (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_function)
  Button navigates to signup page
  (4 votes)
mfe1
Posted 12 years ago. Direct link to mfe1's post “what if one of the variab...”
what if one of the variables had an odd exponent, how would you solve then
ex. 3s^7+24s
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(5 votes)
Answer
- dgitting
  Posted 10 years ago. Direct link to dgitting's post “If you factor out 3s inst...”
  If you factor out 3s instead of s you'd get
  
  3s(s^6 + 8) = 3s((s^2)^3 + 2^3) which is now 3s times the sum of cubes:
  
  3s(s^2 + 2)(s^4 - 2s^2 +4)
  Button navigates to signup page
  (1 vote)
Elder Fauth
Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to Elder Fauth's post “At 0:48, he says that it ...”
At
0:48
, he says that it is (5x^2)^2 , but at
0:57
, he says that (3x^2) can also be (-3x^2). Can't the (5x^2)^2 also be negative?
Button navigates to signup pageButton navigates to signup page
(4 votes)
Answer
- Jerry Nilsson
  Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to Jerry Nilsson's post “Yes, Sal could have writt...”
  Yes, Sal could have written
  25𝑥⁴ = (±5𝑥²)², just like 9 = (±3)²
  
  That way we would get two choices for the middle term:
  −30𝑥² = 2 ∙ 5 ∙ (−3) ∙ 𝑥²
  or
  −30𝑥² = 2 ∙ (−5) ∙ 3 ∙ 𝑥²
  
  Thereby, we also have two choices for the factorization:
  25𝑥⁴ − 30𝑥² + 9 = (5𝑥² − 3)²
  or
  25𝑥⁴ − 30𝑥² + 9 = (−5𝑥² + 3)²
  
  which makes sense, because squaring 5𝑥² − 3 will give us the same result as squaring its opposite, namely −(5𝑥² − 3) = −5𝑥² + 3
  Comment on Jerry Nilsson's post “Yes, Sal could have writt...”
  (3 votes)
noah897564231
Posted 10 years ago. Direct link to noah897564231's post “What if the last term is ...”
What if the last term is not a perfect square?

x^4-4x^2-45
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(3 votes)
Answer
- Mr. Jones
  Posted 10 years ago. Direct link to Mr. Jones's post “What you are looking at i...”
  What you are looking at is in the form of the quadratic u^2 - 4u - 45, which factors to:
  
  (u - 9)(u + 5), so your polynomial factors to:
  (x^2 - 9)(x^2 + 5), which factors further to:
  (x - 3)(x + 3)(x^2 + 5).
  Button navigates to signup page
  (3 votes)
Juleysi Rosario
Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to Juleysi Rosario's post “in 1:28 how did he know t...”
in
1:28
how did he know to multiply it by 2 to get negative thirty?
Button navigates to signup pageComment on Juleysi Rosario's post “in 1:28 how did he know t...”
(3 votes)
Answer
Silvia Curiel
Posted 10 years ago. Direct link to Silvia Curiel's post “if you can factor a 4th d...”
if you can factor a 4th degree expression we can also factor an expression like
3x^8- 3y^8. would it be 3x^4 y^4 (x^4-y^4)
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(3 votes)
Answer
- Sid
  Posted 10 years ago. Direct link to Sid's post “You can take it a few ste...”
  You can take it a few steps further:
  3x^8 - 3y^8 =
  3(x^8 - y^8) =
  3(x^4 + y^4)(x^4 - y^4) =
  3(x^4 + y^4)(x^2 + y^2)(x^2 - y^2) =
  3(x^4 + y^4)(x^2 + y^2)(x + y)(x - y)
  
  If you use complex numbers, you may even be able to factor the remaining 4th and 2nd degree terms. But I guess that's going a bit too far in this context.
  Button navigates to signup page
  (1 vote)

Video transcript

We need to factor 25x to the fourth minus 30x squared plus 9. And this looks really daunting because we have something to the fourth power here. And then the middle term is to the second power. But there's something about this that might pop out at you. And the thing that pops out at me at least is that 25 is a perfect square, x to the fourth is a perfect square, so 25x to the fourth is a perfect square. And 9 is also perfect square, so maybe this is the square of some binomial. And to confirm it, this center term has to be two times the product of the terms that you're squaring on either end. Let me explain that a little bit better So, 25x to the fourth, that is the same thing as 5x squared squared, right? So it's a perfect square. 9 is the exact same thing as, well, it could be plus or minus 3 squared. It could be either one. Now, what is 30x squared? What happens if we take 5 times plus or minus 3? So remember, this needs to be two times the product of what's inside the square, or the square root of this and the square root of that. Given that there's a negative sign here and 5 is positive, we want to take the negative 3, right? That's the only way we're going to get a negative over there, so let's just try it with negative 3. So what is what is 2 times 5x squared times negative 3? What is this? Well, 2 times 5x squared is 10x squared times negative 3. It is equal to negative 30x squared. We know that this is a perfect square. So we can just rewrite this as this is equal to 5x squared-- let me do it in the same color. 5x squared minus 3 times 5x squared minus 3. And we saw in the last video why this works. And if you want to verify it for yourself, multiply this out. You will get 25x to the fourth minus 30x squared plus 9.