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AP®︎/College Calculus AB
Course: AP®︎/College Calculus AB > Unit 3
Lesson 2: The chain rule: further practice- Worked example: Chain rule with table
- Chain rule with tables
- Derivative of aˣ (for any positive base a)
- Derivative of logₐx (for any positive base a≠1)
- Derivatives of aˣ and logₐx
- Worked example: Derivative of 7^(x²-x) using the chain rule
- Worked example: Derivative of log₄(x²+x) using the chain rule
- Worked example: Derivative of sec(3π/2-x) using the chain rule
- Worked example: Derivative of ∜(x³+4x²+7) using the chain rule
- Chain rule capstone
- Proving the chain rule
- Derivative rules review
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Derivative of logₐx (for any positive base a≠1)
AP.CALC:
FUN‑3 (EU)
, FUN‑3.C (LO)
, FUN‑3.C.1 (EK)
Sal finds the derivative of logₐx (for any positive base a≠1) using the derivative of ln(x) and the logarithm change of base rule. He then differentiates log₇x and -3log_π(x).
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When you take the derivative of log a (x), how do you know that 1/lna is a constant? Why isn't lnx a constant.(11 votes)
Because a is a constant and the logarithm (of any base) of a constant number is a constant. Say a=3, 1/ln(3) is just a number while ln x is a function, as x is a variable(28 votes)
At2:24where is the proof for this log concept? in which lesson was it covered?(8 votes)
Although he didn't say it explicitly, Sal used the change of base formula to rewrite the given logarithmic expression log(base)(argument) as the ratio of ln(argument)/ln(base). All he did was change the original base from "a" to "e," which is easy to differentiate using basic rules. This concept was covered back in Algebra 2, in this video lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/exponential-and-logarithmic-functions/change-of-base-formula-for-logarithms/v/change-of-base-formula(12 votes)
At4:25why don't we use the product rule for g(x) = -3 * log pi (x) or why is'nt -3 = 0 when grabbing the derivative of a constant(4 votes)
You also could use the product rule, but because the derivative of a constant is 0, the first term "u'(x)*v(x)" in your result would disappear and you would be left with "u(x)*v'(x)" which is what we are doing anyway based on our differentiation rules.(14 votes)
- why the constant gets out of the d/dx ? for exemple d/dx[15 * log(x)] => 15 * d/dx[log(x)](4 votes)
The derivative of a constant times a function is equal to the constant times the derivative of the function. This "constant multiple rule" follows from the similar rule for limits.(9 votes)
Why can he move the 1/ln(x) out of the derivative operator?(5 votes)- Are you talking about what Sal did at2:59? He is moving
1/ln(a), which is a constant.(5 votes)
- is, xln(a) = ln(a^x)(4 votes)
- What if instead of having a logarithm in the form
log b (x), you have to differentiate a logarithm in the formlog x (a)(where x is the variable which is to be differentiated with respect to and a is a constant). I was told by my Calculus teacher that this isn't really a thing, but I'm interested in how it would be done anyways. Is there a way to do this?(3 votes)
By the change of base formula for logarithms, we can write logᵪa as ln(a)/ln(x). Now this is just an application of chain rule, with ln(a)/x as the outer function. So the derivative is -ln(a)/((ln(x))²)·(1/x).
Alternatively, we can use implicit differentiation: given y=logᵪ(a), we write x^y=a.
The left-hand side is e^(ln(x^y)), or e^(y·ln(x)). Differentiating both sides now gives e^(y·ln(x))·[y'ln(x)+y/x]=0.
The exponential is never 0, so we can divide it out to get y'ln(x)+y/x=0
y'ln(x)=-y/x
y'=-y/(x·ln(x))
Replace y from the original equation and get -logᵪ(a)/(x·ln(x)). Rewriting the numerator with change of base formula gives the same result as from the first method.
I don't know why your teacher told you this isn't a thing; it's a perfectly well-defined function.(6 votes)
- at2:57why can't we just use the quotient rule for ln(x)/ln(a)(3 votes)
- We could, but ln(a) is a constant, so its derivative is 0. We would get
[ln(a)·ln'(x)-ln(x)·0]/(ln(a))²
=ln(a)·ln'(x)/(ln(a))²
=ln'(x)/ln(a)
=1/(xln(a))(3 votes)
- even log(a)/log(b) equals to loga(b). During the exercise, I got a problem where 7^x, and log(7)7^x was an incorrect choice. Why does only Ln work and not Log_10, even though they both do the same thing?(2 votes)
ln and log_10 are not the same thing. ln is a log with base e. log_10 is a logarithm with base 10.(2 votes)
- Isn't there also another rule that you can apply? If it was log (base3)(x) it would be the derivative of x divided by x times that natural log of the base?(2 votes)
I believe you are correct. I think the rule you are talking about is called the chain rule (correct me if you think I am misunderstanding). However, the derivative of x is one, which would make it 1/(x*ln(x)), which is exactly what was derived in the video.
I hope this has helped(1 vote)
2:24Video transcript
- [Voiceover] We know
from previous videos, that the derivative with respect to X of the natural log of
X, is equal to 1 over X. What I want to do in this
video is use that knowledge that we've seen in other
videos to figure out what the derivative with respect to X is of a logarithm of an arbitrary base. So I'm just gonna call
that log, base A of X. So how do we figure this out? Well, the key thing is, is
what you might be familiar with from your algebra or your
pre calculus classes, which is having a change of base. So if I have some, I'll do it over here, log, base A of B, and
I wanted to change it to a different base, let's
say I wanna change it to base C, this is the same
thing as log, base C of B divided by log, base C of A. Log, base C of B, divided
by log, base C of A. This is a really useful
thing if you've never seen it before, you now have just seen it, this change of base, and we prove it in other videos on Khan Academy. But it's really useful
because, for example, your calculator has a log button. The log on your calculator
is log, base 10. So if you press 100 into your calculator and press log, you will get a 2 there. So whenever you just see log of 100, it's implicitly base 10,
and you also have a button for natural log, which is log, base E. Natural log of X is equal
to log, base E of X. But sometimes, you wanna
find all sorts of different base logarithms and this is how you do it. So if you're using your
calculator and you wanted to find what log, base 3 of 8 is, you would say, you would type in your
calculator log of 8 and log of 3. Or, let me write it this way, and log of 3 where both of these
are implicitly base 10, and you'd get the same value if you did natural log of 8 divided
by natural log of 3. Which you might also
have on your calculator. And what we're gonna do
in this video is leverage the natural log because we
know what the derivative of the natural log is. So this derivative is the
same thing as the derivative with respect to X of. Well log, base A of X, can be rewritten as natural log of X over natural log of A. And now natural log of
A, that's just a number. I could rewrite this as,
let me write it this way. One over natural log of
A times natural log of X. And what's the derivative of that? We could just take the constant out. One over natural log of
A, that's just a number. So we're gonna get 1
over the natural log of A times the derivative with
respect to X of natural log of X. Of natural log of X. Which we already know is 1 over X. So this thing right
over here, is 1 over X. So what we get is 1 over
natural log of A times 1 over X. Which we could write as, 1
over natural log of A times X. Which is a really useful thing to know. So now, we could take
all sorts of derivatives. So if I were to tell you F of
X is equal to log, base 7 of X well now we can say well F
prime of X is going to be 1 over the natural log of 7 times X. If we had a constant out
front, if we had for example, G of X. G of X is equal to negative
3 times log, base, I know. Log, base pi. Pi is a number. Log, base pi of X, well G
prime of X would be equal to 1 over, oh. Let me be careful, I have
this constant out here. So it'd be negative 3 over,
it's just that negative 3, over the natural log of pi. This is the natural log of this number. Times X. So hopefully, that gives
you a hang of things.