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AP®︎/College Statistics
Course: AP®︎/College Statistics > Unit 9
Lesson 2: The central limit theoremIntroduction to sampling distributions
Introduction to sampling distributions.
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- How come the balls are repeated in a pairing when there is only one of that number of balls?
Like, in the population there is only 1 of 1 ball. How come there is a pair (1,1) when there's only 1 of 1 ball??(14 votes)- Notice Sal said the sampling is done with replacement. This means during the process of sampling, once the first ball is picked from the population it is replaced back into the population before the second ball is picked.
This helps make the sampling values independent of each other, that is, one sampling outcome does not influence another sampling outcome.(23 votes)
- What kind of distribution is it then, if not binomial?(5 votes)
- As the n in binomial approaches infinity, the model will become more and more normal. You will learn in Chapter 22 about degrees of freedom.(3 votes)
- Python visualization.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import itertools as it
ans =list(it.combinations_with_replacement(range(20),2))
ansr = []
for i in ans:
ansr.append(i[::-1])
res = list(set(ans+ansr))
for i,j in enumerate(res):
res[i] = sum(j)/len(j)
fig = plt.hist(res,rwidth = 0.6,bins = len(ans))
fig = plt.grid('off')
plt.show()(7 votes) - Around, when he gets the sample mean '1.5' out of the balls '1' and '2', how did he get that mean? I don't understand. Also same question for time stamp 3:20, how did he get all of those decimal answers?? 4:57(2 votes)
- Mean = all points added up divided by number of points
Sample Mean = (1+2)/2 = 1.5(5 votes)
- What does parameter actually mean in statistics?(2 votes)
- A parameter is a measurement of a characteristic of a population such as mean, standard deviation, proportion, etc.
This is in contrast with a statistic, which measures a characteristic of a sample rather than a population. Statistics are frequently used to estimate parameters.
Have a blessed, wonderful day!(3 votes)
- Why is a sample of {2, 1} considered different from {1, 2}?(2 votes)
- Actually I think I get it now; it's so that all the possible outcomes (means) are equally likely, so that you can put the absolute frequency of a mean over the total # of outcomes to get the relative frequency.(3 votes)
- In general, what estimates better the mean? One only big sample or several smaller samples?(3 votes)
- I am confused about the name - what does "Sampling" mean in "Sampling distribution of the sample means"? And why is sample/sampling mentioned twice "Sampling" and "sample" in sample means? Is it not enough to say "Distribution of the sample means"?(2 votes)
- I'm fairly sure that "Sampling distribution of the sample means" is the same as "Distribution of the sample means", since a distribution of a sample statistic is a Sampling Dist! I might be wrong though(2 votes)
- what estimates the mean better? one big sample or multiple smaller ones?(2 votes)
- I don't get how the mean of the "numbered balls 1,2 and 3" = (1+2+3)/3? Because there's one ball of each type so shouldn't it be (1+1+1)/3? Did you mean there were 1,2 and 3 number of balls each for the respectively numbered balls?(2 votes)
Video transcript
- [Instructor] What we're
gonna do in this video is talk about the idea of
a sampling distribution. Now, just to make things
a little bit concrete, let's imagine that we have
a population of some kind. Let's say it's a bunch of balls, each of them have a number written on it. For that population, we
could calculate parameters. So, a parameter you could view as a truth about that population. We've covered this in other videos. So for example, you could
have the population mean, the mean of the numbers
written on top of that ball. You could have the population
standard deviation. You could have the proportion of balls that are even, whatever, these are all population parameters. Now we know from many other videos that you might not know
the population parameter or might not even be easy to find, and so the way that we try to estimate a population parameter
is by taking a sample, so this right over here is
a sample size of size n. Sample of size n. And then we can calculate a
statistic from that sample, based on that sample, maybe
we picked n balls from there. And so from that, we can
calculate a statistic that is used to estimate this parameter. But we know that this is a
random sample right over here, so every time we take a sample, the statistic that we
calculate for that sample is not necessarily going to be the same as the population parameter. In fact, if we were to take a
random sample of size n again and then we were to calculate
the statistic again, we could very well get a different value. So, these are all going to be
estimates of this parameter. And so an interesting question is what is the distribution of the values that I could get for the statistics? What is the frequency with
which I can get different values for the statistic that is trying
to estimate this parameter? And that distribution is what
a sampling distribution is. So let's make this even a
little bit more concrete. Let's imagine where our population, I'm gonna make this a very simple example. Let's say our population
has three balls in it. One, two, three, and they're numbered, one, two, and three. And it's very easy to calculate. Let's say the parameter that
we care about right over here is the population mean, and that of course is gonna
be one plus two plus three, all of that over three, which is six divided
by three which is two. So, that is our population parameter. But let's say that we
wanted to take samples, let's say samples of two balls at a time and every time we take a
ball, we'll replace it. So each ball we take, it
is an independent pick. And we're gonna use those
samples of two balls at a time in order to estimate the population mean. So for example, this could be
our first sample of size two and let's say in that
first sample, I pick a one and let's say I pick a two. Well then I can calculate
the sample statistic here. In this case, it would be the sample mean which is used to estimate
the population mean. And for this sample of
two, it's going to be 1.5. Then I can do it again. And let's say I get a
one and I get a three. Well now, when I
calculate the sample mean, the average of one and three
or the mean of one and three is going to be equal to two. Let's think about all of
the different scenarios of samples we can get and what the associated
sample means are going to be. And then we can see the frequency of getting those sample means. And so, let me draw a
little bit of a table here. So, make a table right over here. And let's see, these are
the numbers that we pick and remember, when we pick one ball, we'll record that number,
then we'll put it back in, and then we'll pick another ball. So these are going to
be independent events and it's gonna be with replacement. And so, let's say we could
pick a one and then a one. We could pick a one, then
a two, a one and a three. We could pick a two and then a one. We could pick a two and
a two, a two and a three. We could pick a three and a one, a three and a two or a three and a three. There's three possible
balls for the first pick and three possible balls for the second 'cause we're doing it with replacement. And so, what is the sample
mean in each of these for all of these combinations? So for this one, the sample mean is one. Here, it is 1.5. Here, it is two. Here, it is 1.5. Here, it is two. Here, it is 2.5. Here, it is two. Here, it is 2.5. And then here, it is three. And so, we can now plot the frequencies of these possible sample
means that we can get and that plot will be
a sampling distribution of the sample means. So let's do that. So, we make a little chart right over, a little graph right over here. So these are the possible sample means. We can get a one, we can get a 1.5, we can get a two, we can get a 2.5 or we can get a three. And now let's see the frequency of it. I will put that over here. And so let's see, how many ones out of our nine possibilities
we have, how many were one? Well, only one of the
sample means was one, and so the relative frequency,
if we just set the number, we could make this line go up one or we could just say, "Hey,
this is going to be one "out of the nine possibilities." And so let me just make that. I'll call this right over here. This is 1/9. Now, what about 1.5? Let's see, there's one, two of these possibilities out of nine. So, 1.5, it would look like this. This right over here is two over nine. And now, what about two? Well, we can see there's one, two, three. So three out of the nine
possibilities, we got a two. So we could say this is two
or we could say this is 3/9, which is the same thing of course as 1/3. So this right over here
is three over nine. And then what about 2.5? Well, there's two 2.5's, so two out of the nine times. Another way you can interpret this is when you take a random
sample with replacement of two balls, you have a 2/9 chance of having a sample mean of 2.5. And then last but not
least, right over here, there's one scenario out of the nine where you get two three's or 1/9. And so this right over here, this is the sampling distribution, sampling distribution, for the sample mean for n equals two or for sample size of two.