Calculating a z statistic in a test about a proportion

- [Instructor] The mayor of a town saw an article that claimed the national unemployment rate is 8%. They wondered if this held true in their own town, so they took a sample of 200 residents to test the null hypothesis is that the unemployment rate is the same as the national one versus the alternative hypothesis which is that the unemployment rate is not the same as the national, where p is the proportion of residents in the town that are unemployed. The sample included 22 residents who were unemployed. Assuming that the conditions for inference have been met, and so that's the random, normal, and independent conditions that we've talked about in previous videos, identify the correct test statistic for this significance test. So let me just, I like to rewrite everything just to make sure I've understood what's going on. We have a null hypothesis that the true proportion of unemployed people in our town, that's what this p represents, is the same as the national unemployment. And remember, our null hypothesis tends to be the no news here, nothing to report so to speak, and we have our alternative hypothesis that no, the true unemployment in this town is different, is different than 8%. And so what we would do is we would set some type of a significance level, we would assume that the mayor of the town sets it, let's say, he sets or she sets a significance level of 0.5. And then, what we wanna do is conduct the experiment. So this is the entire population of the town. They take a sample of 200 people, so this is our sample, n is equal to 200, since it met the independence condition, we'll assume that this is less than 10% of the population, and we calculate a sample statistic here, and it would be, since we care about the true population proportion, the sample statistic we would care about is the sample proportion and we figure out that it is 22 out of the 200 people in the sample are unemployed. So this is 0.11. Now the next step is assuming the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of getting a result this far away or further from the assumed population proportion? And if that probability is lower than alpha, then we would reject the null hypothesis which would suggest the alternative. But how do you figure out this probability? Well, one way to think about it is we could say how many standard deviations away from the true proportion, the assumed proportion is it? And then we could say what's the probability of getting that many standard deviations or further from the true proportion? We could use a z-table to do that. And so what we wanna do is figure out the number of standard deviations, and so that would be a z-statistic. And so how do we figure it out? Well, we can figure out the difference between the sample proportion here and the assumed population proportion, so that would be 0.11 minus 0.08 divided by the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample proportions. And we can figure that out. Remember, all that is is, and sometimes we don't know what the population proportion is but here we're assuming a population proportion. So we're assuming it is 0.08 and then we'll multiply that times one minus 0.08 so we'll multiply that times 0.92 and this come straight from we've seen it in previous videos, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample proportions and then you divide that by n which is 200 right over here. And we can get a calculator out to figure this out but this would give us some value which it says how many standard deviations away from 0.08 is 0.11? And then we could use a z-table to figure out what's the probability of getting that far or further from the true proportion and then that would give us our p-value which we can compare the significance level. Sometimes, you will see a formula that looks something like this that you say, hey look, you have your sample proportion, you find the difference between that and the assumed proportion in the null hypothesis, that's what this little zero says, that this is the assumed population proportion from the null hypothesis and you divide that by the standard deviation, the assumed standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample proportions. So that would be our assumed population proportion times one minus our assumed population proportion divided by our sample size. And in future videos, we're gonna go all the away and calculate this, and then look it up in a z-table and see what's the probability of getting that extreme or more extreme of a result and compare it to alpha.