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Precalculus
Course: Precalculus > Unit 2
Lesson 6: Solving general trianglesTrig word problem: stars
CCSS.Math: ,
Sal solves a word problem about the distance between stars using the law of cosines. Created by Sal Khan.
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What's the difference between law of cosine and law of sine?(14 votes)
One defines the ratios between angles and their opposite sides as a constant (the Law of Sines) while the other does not. Look at the basic formulae:
Law of Cosines:
a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bc * cos(theta)
Law of Sines:
sin(a)/A = sin(b)/B = sin(c)/C
The Law of Cosines incorporates the Pythagorean Theorem with an "escape hatch" for triangles without a right angle (the "-2bc*cos(theta)" half of the expression). It is best utilized when you are given 2 sides with an angle between them, or 3 sides of a triangle and asked to solve for the angles.
The Law of Sines, on the other hand, is a set of straight-up, constant ratios. It states that the ratio between any angle and the side opposite it is going to be the same ratio as another angle in the same triangle and the side *it* opposes. So if the ratio for angle (a) is 3/4, it's going to be 3/4 for angles (b) and (c) as well. The Law of Sines is best used when you're given 2angles and a side -- and the side doesn't necessarily have to be between the angles.
Make sense? Sorry I can't add pictures -- they always make it clearer for me :((72 votes)
When I worked out this problem, I went through all the steps of simplifying the equation before I actually square-rooted it. Here's what I wrote:
x^2 = (736)^2 + (915)^2 - 2(736)(915)cos3
x^2 = 1378921 - 1346880cos3
x^2 = 32041cos3
(then square rooted both sides of the equation)
x = 179cos3
x ≈ 178.8
Why did I get a different answer?(5 votes)
Two errors:
1. 1378921 and - 1346880cos3 are not like terms and so cannot be combined. You need to evaluate - 1346880cos3 before moving on.
2. you did not square root the cosine (but this step was wrong anyway).(27 votes)
A bit unrelated but how does she calculate the distance between her home and a star 700+ light years away ?(5 votes)
We can measure astronomical distances up to 100 parsecs (about 326 light years) using the parallax method. For longer distances, we use Cepheid variables and supernovae.(13 votes)
Hello, is this application of trigonometry allowed when calculating such long distances in the universe or is is just a simplification? I am pointing to a physics question and just wonder if the relativity theory would have to be applied in real astronomy of this question.(5 votes)
You're right to assume that this is a simplification. I'm not sure if relativity is precisely the issue here, but it's assuming that the stars aren't moving. After all, it took 736 and 915 years for the light from the two stars to reach us, so there really isn't any legitimacy in saying that the two stars were 184 light years away from each at any specific point in history. I'm also not sure if it makes sense to say that this is the "width" of Orion's belt in any way that makes sense, although I'm not an astronomer.(7 votes)
- I don't really understand the concept of modifying the formula to solve for ( for example ) cos(A). Why don't we always modify it? Is it just for the finding of the angles?(3 votes)
- If I understand your question correctly, you are asking about the Law of Cosines (which is used in the video) and how it is able to be modified depending on the situation. The answer is that it completely depends on what information is given in the problem as to how you modify it. If the triangle is a right triangle, you would of course use Pythagorean Theorem. But with a triangle that does not have a right angle (90 deg.), you can use this law. You can use it for finding the interior angles. But you can also use it to find one of the sides that is missing (length of side b for example). Basically you have to modify the formula based on what you are solving for: sideneeded = sidegiven^2 + othersidegiven^2 - 2*sidegiven*othersidegiven*Cos(angleofsideneeded). In other words, you take the side you need (say side 'c' ) and take the angle across from it (in this case 'C' ) and then plug those in as 'sideneeded' and 'angleofsideneeded' into the formula. I hope this is not too confusing. You don't have to modify the formula if the information given in the problem is straight forward and fits nicely. However if it is different (say they don't give you any interior angles) then you must modify accordingly.(7 votes)
Is it possible to do this except with only one side measure and two angle measures? (i.e. H--->Mintaka = 915, 3 degrees, and angle Alnitako, Mintaka, Home is say 85 degrees). If so, what would the template equation be?(1 vote)
Yes, it would be possible.
After drawing a diagram, we would see that we actually would use the Law of Sines.
915 / sin(85°) = x / sin(3°)
Solve for x. Then find the other angle measure, and then use the Law of Sines again to find the last side length. Hope this helps!(9 votes)
- when do i use law of sines or cosines?(2 votes)
- Use the law of sines when you see a pair of a known angle and it's known opposite side, then if you are given another value you can solve for it's opposite angle/side.
Use the law of cosines when you see a known angle in between 2 known sides, where you can solve for the 3rd side. OR if you are given 3 sides then you can work out any angle of the triangle(6 votes)
Is there a way to determine if an angle should be obtuse or acute when using the law of cosines? One of the exercise questions gives 3 side lengths and no angle measures. I had to find the measure of one of those angles. The question doesn't specify if the angle is obtuse or acute. I ended up getting 121 degrees as my answer, and the answer to the question was 59 degrees, so I would have needed to do 180-121 to get the acute angle. On some of the other questions, they say if the angle should be obtuse or acute. How do I find out if it's obtuse or acute if that information isn't given?(2 votes)
The biggest angle is always opposite the biggest side, and only 1 angle in a triangle can be obtuse. Therefore, if the angle is opposite one of the shorter sides, it cannot be obtuse. However, if the angle is opposite the largest side, then you can use Pythagorean theorem to determine. If a^2+b^2=c^2, then it is a right triangle. If c^2<a^2+b^2, it is acute triangle, and if c^2>a^2+b^2, it is obtuse triangle, thus c has to be obtuse. c is always the longest side in these equations and inequalities.(4 votes)
- If we were given two known angle measures and one known side length, how are we supposed to use those to find a missing side?
For example, we have a triangle with 35 degrees and 98 degrees and we have one of the legs as 500 m, find x which is adjacent to the known side.(2 votes)- Well, knowing two angles of the triangle automatically gives you the third. But if you have two (and thus three) angles of a triangle and one side, I'm thinking the Law of Sines might come to your rescue. Is that a relationship within a triangle that you're familiar with?(3 votes)
- will it make any difference to the calculation knowing that both these stars DO NOT lie in the same plane, only appear so from earth, are we calculating the distance between them as viewed from earth or the real distance between them in space, using this law?
what i mean to ask is whether law of cosines acknowledges depth of view?
i think it should, but i am not 100% sure on it!!!!(2 votes)
Three points define a plane, so we can deal with the problem in that way without fear.(3 votes)
Video transcript
Voiceover:Artemis seeks knowledge of the width of Orion's belt, which is a pattern of stars
in the Orion constellation. She has previously
discovered the distances from her house to
Alnitak, 736 lights years, and to Mintaka, 915 light years, which are the endpoints of Orion's belt. She knows the angle between these stars in the sky is three degrees. What is the width of Orion's belt? That is, what is the distance between Alnitak and Mintaka? And they want us to the
answer in light years. So let's draw a little diagram to make sure we understand
what's going on. Actually, even before we do that, I encourage you to pause this and try this on your own. Now let's make a diagram. Alright, so let's say
that this is Artemis' house right over here. This is Artemis' house. I'll say that's A for Artemis' house. And then... Alright, let me say H... Let me say this is home. This is home right over here. And we have these 2 stars. So she's looking out into the night sky and she sees these stars, Alnitak, which is 736 light years away, and obviously I'm not going
to draw this to scale. So this is Alnitak. And Mintaka. So let's say this is
Mintaka right over here. Mintaka. And we know a few things. We know that this
distance between her home and Alnitak is 736 light years. So this distance right over here. So that right over there. Everything we'll do is in light years. That's 736. And the distance between her house and Mintaka is 915 light years. So it would take light 915 years to get from her house to Mintaka, or from Mintaka to her house. So this is 915 light years. And what we wanna do is figure out the width of Orion's belt, which is the distance
between Alnitak and Mintaka. So we need to figure out this distance right over here. And the one thing that they did give us is this angle. They did give us that
angle right over there. They said that the angle between these stars in the sky is three degrees. So this is three degrees right over there. So how can we figure out the distance between Alnitak and Mintaka? Let's just say that this is equal to X. This is equal to X. How do we do that? Well if we have two sides and an angle between them, we could use the law of cosines to figure out the third side. So the law of cosines, so let's just apply it. So the law of cosines tells us that X squared is going to be equal to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides. So it's going to be equal to 736 squared, plus 915 squared, minus two times 736, times 915, times the cosine of this angle. Times the cosine of three degrees. So once again, we're trying to find the length of the side opposite the three degrees. We know the other two sides, so the law of cosines, it essentially... Sorry, I just had to cough off camera because I had some peanuts
and my throat was dry. Where was I? Oh, I was saying, if we know the angle and
we know the two sides on either side of the angle, we can figure out the
length of the side opposite by the law of cosines. Where it essentially starts off not too different than the Pythagorean theorem, but then we give an adjustment because this is not an
actual right triangle. And the adjustment... So we have the 736
squared, plus 915 squared, minus two times the
product of these sides, times the cosine of this angle. Or another way we could
say, think about it is, X, let me write that, X is to equal to the square root of all of this stuff. So, I can just copy and paste that. Copy and paste. X is going to be equal to
the square root of that. And so let's get our
calculator to calculate it. And let me verify that I'm in degree mode. Yes, I am indeed in degree mode. And so let's exit that. And so I wanna calculate
the square root of 736 squared, plus 915 squared, minus two times 736, times 915, times cosine of three degrees. And we deserve a drum roll now. X is 100, if we round... Let's see, what did they want us to do? Round your answer to
the nearest light years. So to the nearest light year is going to be 184 light years. So X is approximately
equal to 184 light years. So it would take light 184 years to get from Mintaka to Alnitak. And so hopefully this actually shows you if you are going to do any astronomy, the law of cosines, law of sines, in fact all of trigonometry, becomes quite, quite handy.