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AP®︎/College Biology
Course: AP®︎/College Biology > Unit 1
Lesson 2: Elements of lifeCarbon and hydrocarbons
The element carbon and why it's essential to life as we know it. Properties and bonding patterns of carbon atoms.
Introduction
Carbon isn’t a difficult element to spot in your daily life. For instance, if you’ve used a pencil, you’ve seen carbon in its graphite form. Similarly, the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon, and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon (in this case, one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure). What you may not realize, though, is that about 18% of your body (by weight) is also made of carbon. In fact, carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body, including proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and fats.
These complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules; they’re also classified as organic molecules, which simply means that they contain carbon atoms. (Notably, there are a few exceptions to this rule. For example, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon, but generally aren't considered to be organic.)
The bonding properties of carbon
Why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones? Why don’t we instead use, say, oxygen for the same purpose? For one thing, carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong, so carbon can form a stable, sturdy backbone for a large molecule. Perhaps more important, however, is carbon’s capacity for covalent bonding. Because a C atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms, it’s well suited to form the basic skeleton, or “backbone,” of a macromolecule.
As an analogy, imagine that you’re playing with a Tinker Toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes. If you choose the connector wheel with four holes, you’ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes. A carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel, while an oxygen atom, which can bond only to two, is like the two-hole wheel.
Carbon’s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons. Carbon has an atomic number of six (meaning six protons, and six electrons as well in a neutral atom), so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell, which is the valence (outermost) shell. To achieve stability, carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell, giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule. Carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms. For example, in methane (CHstart subscript, 4, end subscript), carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons (one from carbon and one from hydrogen), giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen. We often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives: for instance, the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons. They make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy, which is released when the molecules are burned (i.e., when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water).
Methane (CHstart subscript, 4, end subscript), the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. The carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron, which has four triangular faces; because of this, methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry. More generally, when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms, the molecule (or part of a molecule) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane. This happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other, and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron.
Most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons, because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. However, carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules (even if they are interspersed with other atoms), so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules.
Want to join the conversation?
- How do people actually look and measure the angles of bonds if we haven't actually seen an atom?(26 votes)
- I think it's just maths, based on the knowledge we already have. If a molecule has 4 hydrogens and 1 carbon (methane, as in the example above), and we know that electrons repel each other, then there's only one set of angles that allow those electrons to all be as far apart from one another as possible. The lower the number of electrons, the greater the angle, presumably.(35 votes)
- is there a program in which a person can mix and match different elements together and see what compounds they come up with, what compounds they form. then when the compound is formed the program gives a backstory o how that compound is used throughout life(27 votes)
- Check out materialsproject.org they have so much info on different elements and compounds.(22 votes)
- Why is oxygen electronegative?(10 votes)
- Oxygen is electronegative because it only needs 2 electrons to complete it's valence shell. Instead of losing an electron (like sodium, in sodium chlorine), it simply attracts to those 2 electrons. The more a atom wants an electron, the more electronegative it is and visa versa.
To imagine whats more electronegative, simply look at the periodic table. At the far bottom left to the top right is the scale for how electronegative an atom is. The closer to the bottom left, the less an atom is electronegative. Closer to the top right, the more electronegative the atom is.
Hope this helps ;)~(25 votes)
- If the bonds in methane are repelled to each other, then wouldn't the bonds be too far apart that it would break the bonds?(6 votes)
- The force that repels the pairs of electrons in the bonds in not as strong as the force that attract the electron to the protons of the carbon and hydrogen atoms. Thus, the best the electron bonds can do to stay away from each other is to form a tetrahedron. :)(14 votes)
- Is it possible to artificially create diamond using huge hydraulic presses with super hot base plates such that all conditions to create diamond are fulfilled ?(7 votes)
- While I'm not sure if it's possible through the means at which you said, I know that it is possible to artificially create diamonds. Some pet owners have made their pets into diamonds because all earth life is based off of carbon.(4 votes)
- Why are hydrocarbons like methane, butane and propane considered to be organic macromolecules but not carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide?(9 votes)
- both carbon monoxide and dioxide lack the hydrogen-part which makes a HYDROcarbon a hydrocarbon i guess. If you would call them macromolecules what would be left to describe something way way way bigger like a strand of DNA, a nice complex enzyme etc ?(0 votes)
- Why are Carbon-Carbon bonds "unusually strong"? Is it just because of its capacity to form 4 covalent bonds?(4 votes)
- yeah exactly. Carbon carbon bonds are so strong and cannot easily be broken because of their ability to form four covalent bonds.(1 vote)
- Wait, so burning fuel creates water? Wouldn't that kill the flames, even in it's gaseous state?(2 votes)
- Burning hydrogen does form water in the gaseous form, but gaseous water won't kill the flames. Liquid water is good at putting out fires as it can absorb a lot of heat and it can cut off the oxygen supply. Since that is not the case here, the flames will continue.(5 votes)
- Why are carbon-carbon bonds stronger than other types of bond?(3 votes)
- Carbon-Carbon bonds are stronger cuz Carbon has 6 electrons (2,4) and the outermost shell has 4 valence electrons. Things get quite interesting when you release another carbon next to it. Both of these carbons are now thirsty for 4 electrons so as to attain a Noble Gas configuration. Let me explain this to you via an analogy... Suppose you are a fidget spinner collecting maniac and so is your friend. You want to get 8 fidget spinners to create a fidget spinner tower. Your friend also has the same idea. What will you do?
The most practical approach to this is to share the fidget spinners such that both of you are satisfied with 8 spinners. Sharing the spinners will help both of you to satisfy. Your friend takes 8 spinners and make a video about the tower and you take 8 spinners and post a pic on Instagram. Now, your colleagues know that you don't have 8 spinners and wants to tease you and your friend for not having 8 spinners and post that on social media (Pretty mean, huh?). Now, the only option for both of you is to stick together... forever.
This is the same thing that happens to carbon atoms. The only thing is that, for its case it is a life or death situation.(3 votes)
- in the bottom half paragraph one, it says: What you may not realize, though, is that about 18% of your body (by weight) is also made of carbon. In fact, carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body, including proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and fats. which makes me wonder: could the overall weight of a person effect that? could say, a very big person change the percentage a carbon?(3 votes)
- No. Because we are speaking of minimal changes in weight. Atomic weight. All organic matter is made of carbon so I see no difference.(1 vote)