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AP®︎/College Chemistry
Course: AP®︎/College Chemistry > Unit 4
Lesson 4: Stoichiometry- Stoichiometry
- Worked example: Calculating amounts of reactants and products
- Limiting reactant and reaction yields
- Worked example: Calculating the amount of product formed from a limiting reactant
- Worked example: Relating reaction stoichiometry and the ideal gas law
- Stoichiometry
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Worked example: Calculating amounts of reactants and products
AP.Chem:
SPQ‑4 (EU)
, SPQ‑4.A (LO)
, SPQ‑4.A.1 (EK)
, SPQ‑4.A.2 (EK)
A balanced chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between each of the species involved in the chemical change. Using these numerical relationships (called mole ratios), we can convert between amounts of reactants and products for a given chemical reaction. Created by Sal Khan.
Want to join the conversation?
Why the molecular form of Oxygen is O2? Didn't learn that in previous lessons and so what is form of it if it is one Oxygen atom?(5 votes)
Each oxygen atom fulfills its octet by bonding with another. Oxygen is part of the special group of elements whose atom's bond to each other called elemental diatomic molecules. The most common examples being H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2. Whenever you see oxygen or oxygen gas in a problem, you can assume they mean O2. You won't find monatomic oxygen in any stoichiometry problems.
Hope this helps.(32 votes)
I don't understand the step where he says we have 0.833 mol O2. Can somebody explain that step to me?(7 votes)- The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6, which means for every molecule of glucose we'll have six oxygen atoms. Or in other words they will be related by a glucose to oxygen atom ratio of 1:6. So to determine how many moles of oxygen atoms are present in a sample of glucose, we simply need to multiple the moles of glucose by six. So if we have 0.139 mols of glucose, we will have 0.833 mols of oxygen (0.139 x 6 = 0.834, but accounting for sig figs it becomes 0.833).
Hope that helps.(10 votes)
- at8:53or so, I don't get why we multiply the mol of glucose by 6.(3 votes)
Look at the coefficients in the balanced equation, you get 6 moles of CO2 per 1 mole of glucose(8 votes)
At11:11, why are the moles of O2 equal to the moles of water molecules? I see how the moles of O2 is equal to the moles of carbon dioxide since there is 1 mol of O2 in the carbon dioxide, but there is only 1 oxygen in the water molecule, so why is it equal? Thanks in advance.(1 vote)- When Sal is using the moles of the chemicals for11:11, he is using the coefficients of the balanced chemical equation at the top. When he says the moles of oxygen gas are equal to carbon dioxide and water, he means that in the chemical equation they all have a coefficient of 6. One mole of glucose reacts with 6 moles of oxygen to produce 6 moles of carbon dioxide and 6 moles of water. So when Sal finds the moles of glucose from the grams of glucose, he multiples the moles of glucose by 6 to find the moles of oxygen since they are related to each other by a 1:6 ratio in the balanced chemical equation. And to find moles of carbon dioxide from the moles of oxygen he uses a 6:6 ratio (really just a 1:1 ratio) from the chemical equation. Same idea for the water, the same 1:1 ratio.
The way I think you're interpreting it is that moles = atoms in each compound, but that's not what we're dealing with here. We're not referring to the chemical formulas of the chemicals at the end, just to the chemical equation at the top and the coefficients.
Hope that helps.(8 votes)
- Help! (10:22) -
I also don't understand the relationship between the moles of O2 & the products CO2 & H20.
I've read through the explanations below and I think that the friction point for me is the fact that I don't understand how the mole ratio (6:1) transfers across the chemical equation to the products.
I understand that there are 6 moles of O2 for every mole of C6H12O6.
What I don't understand is how that is then related to the products (whose molar masses are then multiplied by the moles of O2).
Hoping someone can give me some guidance on this because I understood the whole lesson completely up until that point.(3 votes)
He wasn't multiplying by moles of O2. He was multiplying by moles of CO2 and H2O, respectively. They have the same value because 6 moles of O2 and 1 mole of glucose react to form 6 moles of CO2 and 6 moles of H2O. Since moles of O2 and moles of CO2 and H2O are in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles is the same for all.(3 votes)
I thought you weren't supposed to round any numbers until the very end. So shouldn't the answer for the first part be 26.6 not 26.7.(3 votes)- Yes you are correct, Sal should not have rounded prematurely like that for the moles of glucose and should have rounded only at his final answer. So doing the same calculations Sal did, but only rounding until the very end should result in 26.6g. Still the same calculations and correct number of sig figs as before, but by avoiding the early rounding we avoid compounding the error which means a series of errors in your answers stemming from a single human error.
Hope that helps.(2 votes)
at9:13i don't get why we multiply by its molar mass(1 vote)- Look at what the question is asking, it wants the mass of oxygen required.
moles x molar mass = mass(5 votes)
- I am confused as to why you use 0.833 for O2, CO2, and H20.(2 votes)
- When Sal converts the mass of glucose to moles of glucose using its molar mass, he gets 0.139 mols. Glucose is related to the other chemicals by a 6:1 ratio using the balanced chemical equation. So the number of moles for oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide will be six times whatever the number of mols of glucose is (0.139 x 6 = 0.833).
Hope that helps.(2 votes)
- why are we using the amount of moles of oxygen to complete the second part of the question?(2 votes)
- If we completely consume all the oxygen gas in the reaction, then we will have produced the maximum amount of products; carbon dioxide and water. So the amount of the products is directly related to how much oxygen gas we have to start with. The reason the moles of oxygen are equal to the moles of carbon dioxide and water is that they are related by a 6:6 ratio (or 1:1 ratio) in the chemical equation using their coefficients. So if we consume 0.833 moles of oxygen gas, then we’ll produce 0.833 moles of carbon dioxide and water as a result.
Hope that helps.(2 votes)
At12:28why 2 molecules of O2 and CO2?(2 votes)- There isn't a12:28timestamp, the video is only12:06long.(1 vote)
8:53Video transcript
- [Instructor] We're told that glucose, C6H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water. What mass of oxygen, in grams, is required for complete reaction of 25.0 grams of glucose? What masses of carbon dioxide and water, in grams, are formed? So, pause this video and see
if you can have a go at this and then we'll work through this together. All right, now first let's
just set up the reaction. So, this is going to be, we have glucose, so that is C6H12O6, is going to react with oxygen. Now, oxygen in its molecular
form is going to be O2. And what it gives is
carbon dioxide and water. Plus water. Now the next question is are we balanced. Do we have a conservation of mass here? And let's just go element by element. So first let's focus on the carbons. So, we have six carbons on the left-hand side of this reaction. How many carbons do we have
on the right-hand side? Well, right now we only have one carbon in this carbon dioxide molecule. So if we want the carbons to be conserved we need to have six carbons on
the right-hand side as well. So let me see what'll happen
when I throw a six there. So now my carbons are balanced: six on the left, six on the right. Now let's look at the other elements. So on the left-hand side I
have 12 hydrogens in total. On the right-hand side I
only have two hydrogens. So if I want to balance that I could multiply the water molecule. Instead of just one
here, I could have six, and now this would be 12 hydrogen atoms so both the carbons and the
hydrogens are now balanced. By putting that six there I
haven't messed with the carbons. And now last, but not least, let's think about the oxygens here. So on the left, we have six oxygens there and then another two oxygens there. So that's a total of eight oxygens. And on the right, I have
six times two, I have 12 plus another six oxygens. So I have 18 oxygens
on the right-hand side, and I only have eight oxygens
on the left-hand side. So I have to increase
the number of oxygens on the left-hand side. So let's see. This six you can imagine
matches up with this six. So if I could somehow
make this into 12 oxygens, I'll be good. So the best way to make
this into 12 oxygens is to multiply this by
six, so let me do that. So if I put a six right over
here, I think I'm all balanced. I have six carbons on both sides, I have 12 hydrogens on both sides, and it looks like I have
18 oxygens on both sides. So I'm a fully balanced equation here. So let me get a periodic table of elements and I only need to think about
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. So for the sake of space, let
me scroll down a little bit. I just need to look at
this stuff over here. And so, let's first, let's see hydrogen's right up here. And we can see in this
periodic table of elements, it gives the average atomic mass, but you can also view that number 1.008, as its molar mass. So it's 1.008 grams per mole of hydrogen. Now we can move on to carbon. Carbon is 12.01, 12.01
grams per mole of carbon. And then last but not
least, oxygen over here. That is 16.00 grams per mole of oxygen. And now we can use that information. I can now remove our
periodic table of elements. We can use this information to figure out the molar masses of
each of these molecules. So for example, glucose right over here, if we're talking about C6H12O6, how many grams per mole
is that going to be? How many grams is a mole
of glucose going to be? Well, it's six carbons, 12
hydrogens, and six oxygens. So one way to think about is going to be six times this, so it's going to be six times 12.01 plus we have 12 times 1.008 plus six times 16.00, and then this is going
to be grams per mole. And this is going to
be equal to, let's see, 72.06 plus 12.096 plus six times 16 is 96.00. Of course all of this
is in grams per mole. And so this is going to
be equal to, let's see, 72 plus 12 is 84 plus 96 is 180, 180 point, and let's see, we have 60 thousandths
plus 96 thousandths, which would be 156 thousandths, so 156 thousandths grams per mole. Let me make sure I got the
significant figures right. The six, the 12 and six are pure numbers, so I'm still good with this. And then when I add
these numbers together, I need to round to as
much precision as I have in the least one. So here I go up to the hundredths, up to the hundredths,
up to the thousandths. So I need to round this,
actually, to the hundredths place. So this is going to be 180.16
grams per mole of glucose. And now let's think about
the other molecules. If we think about oxygen, I'll do that over here to save space, oxygen, that's pretty straightforward. A molecular oxygen molecule
just has two oxygen atoms, so it's going to be two times this, so it's going to be 32.00 grams per mole. And then carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is going to be, it's two oxygens plus one carbon. So it's going to be this plus one carbon, so that's this plus 12.01, so that's 44.01 grams per mole. And then last but not
least we have the water. And so, H2O. This is going to be two hydrogens, so that's two times 1.008, so that's 2.016 plus an oxygen. So that's going to be 2.016 plus 16 is going to be 18.016. Once again, we only go to
the hundredths place here, so I'm going to round to
the hundredths place here. So 18.02 grams per mole. Now the next step is to think about, all right we're reacting
with 25 grams of glucose. How many moles of glucose is that? So we have 25.0, 25.0 grams of glucose. And we want to turn this
into moles of glucose. And we know the molar mass
is 180.16 grams per mole, or we could multiply and say that this is for every one mole, per
mole, it is 180.16 grams. All I did is take the
reciprocal of this over here. And notice, the grams
will cancel with the grams and I'll be left with moles of glucose. That's going to be equal to 25.0 divided by 180.16 moles of glucose. 25 divided by 180.16 is equal to this. And let's see, I have
three significant figures divided by five significant figures. So I'm going to round to
three significant figures. So 0.139. So this is approximately equal
to 0.139 mole of glucose. Now, they say the first question is what mass of oxygen is required for a complete reaction of this. Well, for every mole of glucose we need six moles of molecular oxygen. And so, we're going to need, let me just multiply that times six. So times six is equal to that. And remember, I had three
significant figures. So, 0.833. So we're going to need 0.833 moles of molecular oxygen. And then I just multiply that times the molar mass of molecular oxygen. So, times 32.00 grams per
mole of molecular oxygen. 0.833 times 32 is equal to that. If you go three significant figures, it's 26.7. 26.7 grams of oxygen, of molecular oxygen. And so we've answered the
first part of the question. What mass of oxygen is
required for complete reaction? So, that's this right over here. And then the next question is what masses of carbon dioxide and
water in grams are formed. Remember, for every one mole of glucose, we needed six moles of molecular oxygen and we produce six moles of carbon dioxide and we produce six moles of water. So this is the number of moles of glucose we input into the reaction. Six times that was this. So this is actually
also the number of moles of carbon dioxide or water
that we're going to produce. So, if we take our original 0.833 mole of carbon dioxide and I multiply that times carbon dioxide's molar mass, 44.01 grams per mole, this is going to be
approximately equal to, .833 times 44.01 is equal to three significant figures, 36.7 grams. 36.7 grams of carbon dioxide. And once again, you can see that the moles cancel with the moles, just as they did before, to
give us grams of carbon dioxide. And then last but not least,
we can do that with the water. 0.833 mole of H2O times its molar mass, times 18.02 grams per mole of water is going to give us approximately .833 times 18.02, gives us, three significant figures
is going to be 15.0. 15.0 grams of water. And once again, those moles canceled out to give us the right units. And we're done, which is pretty cool. This is really useful in chemistry
to be able to understand, based on a balanced chemical equation, to be able to understand, hey, if I have a certain
mass of one of the inputs, one of the things that
are one of the reactants, how much do I need of the other? And then how much mass of the products am I actually going to produce? All of which we just figured out.