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AP®︎/College Chemistry
Course: AP®︎/College Chemistry > Unit 6
Lesson 4: Energy of phase changesEnthalpy and phase changes
Energy is absorbed or released by a system undergoing a phase change. The energy changes for systems undergoing complementary phase changes are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. For example, the molar heat of vaporization for water (corresponding to the transition from liquid water to gaseous water) is +40.7 kJ/mol, while the molar heat of condensation for water (corresponding to the transition from gaseous water to liquid water) is -40.7 kJ/mol. Created by Jay.
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I'm confused. Doesn't the fact that going from a gas to a liquid lowers the enthalpy of the particles violate the principle of enthalpy, as in, the tendency of things to favor a transition to a more disordered state?(1 vote)
Video transcript
- [Instructor] Let's say
that we have some solid water or ice and we want to melt the ice and turn the solid
water into liquid water. This phase change of solid water to liquid water is called melting and it takes positive 6.01 kilojoules per one mole to melt ice. This change in enthalpy
is symbolized by delta H with a subscript fus,
which stands for fusion. So this is called the heat of fusion. Next let's think about the phase change of converting liquid
water into gaseous water. This phase change is called vaporization and it also takes energy
to convert liquid water into gaseous water. Specifically for water
it takes 40.7 kilojoules per one mole of liquid
water to vaporize it. And so this change in energy
is called the enthalpy of vaporization or simply
the heat of vaporization. Let's go back and think
about the structure of ice. Ice has water molecules in a
repeating crystal structure and the water molecules are
held together by hydrogen bonds. So between these two water molecules here, when we add energy, we
increase the freedom of motion, so over here is a picture of liquid water. So this is still held
together by hydrogen bonds. These water molecules
are still held together by hydrogen bonds but we no
longer have a crystal structure. So we have increased freedom of motion and it takes energy to disrupt
that crystal structure. And next, let's think about
converting liquid water into gaseous water or steam. When water is in the gaseous state, there are no more intermolecular forces between the molecules. There's nothing holding them together. And so it takes a lot
of energy to pull these two water molecules apart. It takes a lot of energy to
overcome these hydrogen bonds. And that's the reason why
we have such a large value for the heat of vaporization. So it takes a lot more
energy to completely pull these molecules apart
than it did to simply increase the freedom of motion. So 40.7 is a much bigger number than 6.01. If it takes positive
40.7 kilojoules per mole of energy to go from the liquid
state to the gaseous state. If we go in reverse from the gaseous state
back to the liquid state that same amount of energy is given off. So we can write 40.7 kilojoules per mole. However, since the energy is given off, we need to include a negative sign, going from the gaseous state to the liquid state is
called condensation. So we could call this value of negative 40.7 kilojoules per mole, the heat of condensation. And if it takes positive 6.01
kilojoules per mole to go from the solid state to the liquid state. If we go in reverse from the liquid state
back to the solid state we would give off 6.01
kilojoules per mole of energy. And so we need to write
a negative sign here to indicate the energy is given off. When we go from a liquid to
a solid, that's freezing. So this value is called the
heat of freezing for water.