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Physics library
Course: Physics library > Unit 14
Lesson 2: Interference of electromagnetic waves- Constructive and Destructive interference
- Young's double slit introduction
- Young's double slit equation
- Young's double slit problem solving
- Diffraction grating
- Single slit interference
- More on single slit interference
- Thin Film Interference part 1
- Thin Film Interference part 2
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Thin Film Interference part 1
Thin film interference occurs when light waves reflecting off the top and bottom surfaces of a thin film interfere with one another. This type of interference is the reason that thin films, such as oil or soap bubbles, form colorful patterns. Created by David SantoPietro.
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- So since the velocity of light in a medium will be v = c/n..can we say that light reflected off a substance with a higher index of refraction will have a pi shift?(33 votes)
- At, oil has a higher index of refraction than water, so the velocity of light in oil should be slower than in water, and therefore there wouldn't be a pi shift when light reflects off the oil-water boundary. 6:30(25 votes)
- well, he did say that he was just making up a number and so he used the wrong value(2 votes)
- Why there is no pi shift when the light moves from a slow to fast medium? If a light ray moves from a higher refractive index medium to lower refractive index medium, why there is no pi shift?(9 votes)
- Atyou say that there may be a pi shift. What actually determines if there will be one? 5:28(6 votes)
- How do you determine if something is "fast" or something is "slow"?(3 votes)
- Well, the quality of a medium that determines whether light travels quickly or slowly is called the index of refraction, which is very important in this formula: v= c/n, where v is the speed of light in the medium, c is the speed of light in a vacuum(3x10^8 m/s), and n is the index of refraction. As you can see, the smaller the index of refraction, the faster the speed. What they were specifically talking about in this video were relative speeds: how fast light travels in one medium compared to how fast light travels in another medium. The narrator was talking about how fast light travels in a medium compared to the medium around it. For example, glass might be a "fast" medium compared to diamond, because light travels faster in glass than in diamond. However, glass might be a "slow" medium compared to water, because light travels faster in water than in glass.(4 votes)
- Hi, I think I understand that when light travels in a medium that lowers its velocity, it experiences a change in phase relative to its original phase. My question is why does that phase difference have to be pi? Intuitively, I would assume the change in phase is proportional to the change in velocity. Thanks!(3 votes)
- There is no change of phase due to change of speed. There is a change of phase when light reflects at a boundary where it is going from a fast medium to a slow medium; the reflected light is shifted by pi.(3 votes)
- Every time light reflects off of a slow substance, there's a pi shift.WHY?(4 votes)
- When the light ray moves from air to the layer of oil atisn't it supposed to be refracted instead of it traveling in a straight line like that? Oil has a higher refractive index than air 2:03(2 votes)
- There is no refraction when the light meets the surface of another substance in a right angle.(4 votes)
- At, why couldn't the wave two reflect back when it meets the surface between the oil and the air? Or it actually happens but we don't consider it here? 2:42(3 votes)
- Why does light travel faster in oil than in water?(2 votes)
- It depends on what kind of oil and the temperature of water since the index of refraction varies. But generally light shouldn't travel faster in oil than water.(3 votes)
Video transcript
- [Voiceover] Let's talk
about thin film interference. What does this mean? Well, it's kind of redundant, film already means something really thin, a thin amount of substance. And thin film means really, really thin. So, how does this happen? It can happen naturally. When it rains outside, there
will be puddles of water. And because there's oil
left over on the road, sometimes some oil will
float on top of the water, and it's often a very
thin, small amount of oil. In other words, the thickness of the oil floating on the water is extremely thin. So, we'll call this thickness t. How do we know it's thin and how do we know it's
there, if we can't see it? We know it's there, because
if you look down at it, if you look down at the
water, you'll sometimes see a colorful pattern in here,
and that colorful pattern on the top of the water, streaks of red and blue
and orange and green, happen because of thin film interference. It also happens in bubbles. If you blow a bubble and you
hold it on a bubble wand, you will see that there's
these colors in there. And those are coming from
thin film interference. How does it happen? Well, light comes in, so,
this might be from the sun or whatever, some source of light. Comes in here; that's only one light ray. We need multiple light
rays to get interference. So, what happens when it hits the oil? Part of it is gonna reflect
off the top of the oil. So, it's gonna reflect
right back on top of itself, but if I already draw it
right back on top of itself, this would get messy really fast. So I'm gonna draw it over here, but know, this light really reflects right back on top of itself,
if it was coming straight in. We'll call that light ray one. But that's not all the light does. Part of it reflects, but part of it continues through the oil. So, in order to get thin film interference the thin film has to be translucent, it has to let light through. Not just reflect it,
but let light through. So, some of this light ray
is gonna continue on through. Like that. But what does it do? It meets another interface. And every time light meets an
interface between two medium it's gonna reflect and some of it is gonna pass through, refract. In this case, some of it
reflects off of this interface. So, we have a reflection here and we have a reflection up here. Both of these were reflections. Some of this light comes back up again. I'm not gonna try to draw it
right back on top of itself. I'll draw it over here,
so that we can see them. So, it comes up. Now these overlap. Look, now that these are
overlapping, wave one and wave two, now my eye can experience interference, 'cause these two waves
are gonna hit my eye. They might be constructive,
they might be destructive. And I might see different colors in here depending on the wavelength. That's what we want to try to figure out. How does the thickness of this oil and the wavelength of the light determine, whether this is gonna be constructive, destructive, or neither. Here's what we're gonna do. We are not gonna stray from what we know. What we know, is that to get
constructive interference we have two light rays. What matters is the
path length difference. If the path length
difference is zero, lambda... Right, any integer lambda. You can just call this
m lambda, if you want. That's gonna be constructive. And any time the path length difference is gonna be half integer
of what lambda is. So, half lambda, three
halves lambda, and so on. If you wanted to, you can call
this m plus a half lambda. These are gonna be destructive. I guess, it doesn't equal constructive, it implies constructive and destructive. But, remember, gotta be
careful, it can be weird here. These are flip-flopped, if
there's a pi shift between them. If one of these gets pi
shifted and the other does not. If one of the waves is pi
shifted and the other is not, remember, if this was this thing with the back of the speakers,
if you flipped the wires on the back of the speakers,
now instead of the speaker wave coming out like that, speaker
wave comes out like this. Now, if you overlap these, this
condition gets flip-flopped. If you forgot why, go back and watch that video on wave interference. So, this is the condition. Integer wavelengths give us constructive, half integer wavelengths
give us destructive, unless one is pi shifted. If they're both pi shifted,
then this condition still holds. But if only one is pi shifted, you flip-flop these relations, and the half integer wavelengths
give you constructive. And the whole integer
wavelengths give you destructive. So, does that happen here? Do we have to worry about pi shifts? We didn't with double slit. Remember, with double slit, shoot, we didn't worry
about any pi shifts. That was because one wave came in. And now these were both
from the exact same wave, so now we know they started off in phase. How about these waves for thin film? Could there be any shift in pi? Well, there can. Every time there's a reflection,
there can be a pi shift. I repeat, every time light reflects, there may be a pi shift. How do you know? It depends on the speed of
the wave in those materials. Let's say we had air out here. Light has some speed in the air. Turns out the speed in
air is about the same as the speed in vacuum. Three times 10 to the
eighth meters per second. But I'm just gonna write
it as V air out here. And then you have a
certain speed of the light. Light will travel at
certain speed in the oil. So, V oil in here is gonna be less. Let's just say, for the sake of argument, V oil, the speed of the
light wave in the oil, is less, it's gotta be
less, let's just say it's 2.7 times 10 to the
eighth meters per second. And in water, again, it's gonna have a speed of light in the water. Let's say, the speed
of light in the water, well, we don't have to say, we know that's about 2.25 times 10 to
the eighth meters per second. So, how do we determine,
knowing these speeds, whether there's going
to be a pi shift or not? Here's how we tell. Every time light reflects
off of a slow substance, there's a pi shift. So, what do I mean by that? The light here has started
off in this material. And did it reflect off
of a slow substance? It was in air, that's pretty fast, three times 10 to the eighth. It reflected off of oil, it
reflected off of a medium, where it would have traveled slower. So, this reflection right
here does get a pi shift. There's a pi shift for this reflection. The light wave that came in. If it came in at a peak, then it's getting sent
back out as a valley. And if it came in as this point going up, it'll leave as this point going down. It's gonna get shifted
by 180 degrees, or pi. How about this one down here, did it reflect off of a slow medium? It did, it was in oil. It would have traveled into water, which is slower than the oil. So, this one also gets a pi shift. And same thing, if it came in as a peak, it'll leave as a valley. What does that mean for
this condition up here? If both are pi shifted, it's as if neither of them gets shifted. If we flipped both of them upside down, well, everything is cool again. We just made everything
back to where it was. So, we would not swap these
conditions in this case. If, for some reason, we use
something besides water, we use some other liquid here, and this liquid had a
speed of, instead of 2.25, let's say the speed here was
2.85 times 10 to the eighth. Now, that doesn't change anything up here. This is still getting a pi shift. It was in air, it reflected
off of something slower, oil. And by slower I mean, if
the light traveled into it, it would travel slower,
so that gets a pi shift. But now this one down here, this light ray that was in the oil, would
have gone through water, sorry, this isn't water anymore,
this is some new liquid. It reflected off of this liquid that it would have
traveled faster through. So, does it get a pi shift? Nope, there would be no
more pi shift down here, only one of these reflected
light rays get a pi shift. And if that ever happens,
if one of the light rays gets pi shifted and the other does not, then we would swap these conditions, and it'd be the half integer wavelengths that would give us constructive, and the whole integer wavelengths that would give us destructive. Let me just be clear here, let me show you what I'm talking about. Let me clear this off. If I had material, and
right here it's slow compared to this one. If it reflects off of a
fast material, no pi shift. No 180 degree shift. But if it's in a fast material and it reflects off of a slow material, then yes, this gets a pi shift. This gets a 180 degree shift. That's how you determine it,
is whether it reflects off of a fast material or if it
reflects off of a slow material. For both sides, the top two up here, you gotta ask the same question: did it go from slow to
fast, reflect off of a fast, or did it reflect off of a slow. That's how you determine. If it reflects off of a fast, no pi shift. If it reflects off of a slow material, then it does get a pi shift. Okay, so that's how you
deal with pi shifts. Let's go back to this one. There's a few more details here. People have a lot of trouble
with thin film, to be honest. That's one problem, is they
don't like figuring out whether it was pi shifted or not. It's actually not that hard
once you know the rule. But there's another problem
here, what's delta x? We never even said what delta x is. It's gotta be related to the thickness. Imagine these both waves come in, imagine both waves are combined
in this big wave coming in. They were both in there to start off with. They both travel that distance. Wave one reflects off and
just travels this distance. Wave two also travels that distance, but only after wave two traveled this extra distance within the thin film. So, the extra path length
the wave two traveled compared to wave one
was not the thickness t. Here's where people make the mistake, people think that delta
x for thin film is t. No, the wave two had to
travel down and then back up. So it's two t. This is the key for
thin film interference. The path length difference
will always be two t. I'd just have to come up
here, I know what delta x is. For thin film it's always
gonna just be equal to two times the thickness
of the thin film. So I'm gonna put two t here. This is my condition,
this is how I change this to make it relevant for thin film. For double slit delta x was d sin theta. For the thin film delta x,
the path length difference, is just two times t, so
it's kind of simpler. You've got these pi shifts to worry about, but the delta x is simpler. All right, so that's not too bad. Anything left to worry about? Yes, one more thing to worry about.