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Organic chemistry
Oxidation states of carbon
How to assign oxidation states to carbon in different compounds.
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- why is it called 'oxidation state'? if i know it might help me remember the concept and recall it later on!(10 votes)
- Oxidation originally referred to reactions with oxygen.
So compounds like FeO and Fe₂O₃ were called ferrous and ferric oxides, while SnO and SnO₂ were called stannous and stannic oxides.
In 1919 Alfred Stock suggested that the names should use Roman numerals in parentheses, to make the names iron(II), iron(III), tin(II), and tin(IV) oxides.
In 1940 the IUPAC recommended that the term "Stock number" (I, II, III, IV, etc.) be replaced by the term "oxidation number" with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).
In 1990 it adopted the current "rule-based" system (H = +1, O = -2, etc.) for determining oxidation numbers.(13 votes)
- I don't get how you were able to predict what the oxidation state of Carbon was going to be before you drew it?(5 votes)
- Hey Anthony,
In all these examples, the total oxidation state of the molecule adds up to 0. On top of that, there is a general trend that O has an OS (Oxidation State) of -2 (usually) and H has an OS of +1 (again, usually).
From that, we can calculate the unknown OS of C which tends to vary in these molecules.
Ex 1: CH2O ... The total = 0 ... We can put the unknown OS of C as y in the following equation:
C + 2 x H + O = 0
y + (2 x +1) + -2 = 0
y = 0
Therefore, we can predict the OS of C to be 0.(12 votes)
- Why is the oxidation state of oxygen usually -2? How do I figure out the "usual" oxidation state of an atom?(4 votes)
- for the first question:
1. oxygen has usually (or expectedly) 6 electrons around it by its place on the periodic table columns (say group-6)
2. but in many cases, oxygen has stronger electronegativity (you can see this as a kind of the extend of loving and stealing electrons from others) than others bonded to it. and it actually loves and steals them from whomever as much as possible (up to 8 in sum by octat rule)
3. thus by the formula, the oxidation state of oxygen in many cases = expected # of electrons - actual # of electrons = 6 - 8 = -2
for the second question:
1. actually there's no way to figure out "usual" oxidation state of an atom including that of oxygen as far as i know
2. because the definition of "usual" itself is somehow arbitrary, and the situations one atom could be in a molecue varies so much (this video shows the examples for carbons clearly, and which is the most "usual" one? i'm not sure)
3. but if what you want is the most probable answer for most cases (say in school), you could rely on the factors i mentioned above (columns in periodic table, electronegativity, and octat rule)(4 votes)
- Didnt you mention in a previous video that oxidation state went with ionic bonds? why is the oxidation state applied to convalent bonds in these examples?(3 votes)
- Oxidation state is a way of counting electrons. It works for both ionic and covalent bonds..(3 votes)
- If two adjacent carbons are differently hybridized will we have to consider electronegativity differences due to hybridization? Does that effect the oxidation states?(3 votes)
- You will need to considered the electronically differences , because between the two atoms one will be more delta postive/negative, which could alter how reactions occur(making one carbon a better electrophile than the other) . Something more important to think about with different adjacent hybridization is resonance being able to form from a reaction occurring next to one of those carbons.
I'm not entirely sure about your second question: But, I wouldn't think the different hybridization of Carbon would change the oxidation state.
Edit: Sorry, I was confusing formal charge with oxidation state, but after thinking about it, yes the oxidation state would change on that Carbon based on the hybridization of the carbons adjacent to it, since the more hybridized carbon would be more electronegative.(1 vote)
- what is the oxidation number of carbon in Fe3(CO3)3 ?(1 vote)
- Fe₃(CO₃)₃ does not exist.
Iron(II) carbonate is FeCO₃, while iron(III) carbonate is Fe₂(CO₃)₃.
In either case, the question involves the oxidation number of C in CO₃²⁻.
The oxidation number of each O is -2, so the total oxidation number of O is -6
The oxidation number of C must be +4, to make the oxidation number of the ion the same as its charge.(3 votes)
- How do you calculate electronegativity?(1 vote)
- electronegativity is a constant already determined, you can find them in the form of table or on some periodic tables.(2 votes)
- I wondered if elements can only have a few certain oxydation states or can they have many different oxydation states. e.g can carbon have just ±4;±2 or can it have all kinds of states(like ±1,±2,±3,±4...)?(1 vote)
- Elements can usually have a wide range oxidation states. However certain states are more common than others.
Carbon has been observed to have oxidation states of 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, and ±4.(2 votes)
- I have a tiny doubt,
we know to form ionic bond the electronegativity diff should be >= 1.7
but then we know C has 2.5 and H has electronegativity of 2.1
and their Electronegativity diff is 0.4, and it'll make a Non polar Covalent Bond..
But now we're saying C will take the Electrons of H and we'll have oxidation state of -2.. so how did it make an ionic bond now?(1 vote)- Oxidation state is the HYPOTHETICAL charge that atom would have if every bond was considered to be ionic.(2 votes)
- Would we divide the electrons equally between same atoms even if the molecule is asymmetric i.e what would be the OS of carbons in ethyl-1 ene-ol or what would be the OS of sulfur in thiosulfurous acid(HOSSOH)?(1 vote)
- For these it's probably best to go back to first principles and work it out.
Draw the structure, then break every bond.
Assign both electrons in each bond to the more electronegative atom of that bond. If the atoms are the same (eg a C-C bond) then assign 1 electron to each.
Then subtract how many electrons have been given to each atom from the valence electrons their neutral atom would have, that's the oxidation state.(2 votes)
Video transcript
- [Voiceover] In this video, we're going to find the oxidation state of carbon in several different molecules. In earlier video, we've already seen the definition for oxidation state, and also how to calculate it. So let's start with methane, and let's find the oxidation state of carbon and methane. One approach is more of a
general chemistry approach where we know that hydrogen usually has an oxidation state of plus one, and we have four hydrogens
for a total of plus four. The sum has to be equal to zero, so we know that carbon's oxidation state must be minus four immediately, since we only have one carbon here. So let's go ahead and verify that with our dot structure. So remember, when we're calculating the oxidation state using dot structures, we're thinking about bonding electrons, and we know that each bond consists of two electrons, so we need to put in the bonding electrons for all of our bonds. Next, we think about the oxidation state for carbon, and we start with a number of valence electrons in the free atom, or the number of valence electrons that carbon is supposed to have, and we know carbon is supposed to have four valence electrons, so from that number,
we subtract the number of valence electrons in the bonded atom, or the number of valence electrons carbon has in our drawing. But now we need to think
about these covalent bonds as being ionic, and so
the more electronegative atom is going to take all of the electrons in the bond, so we need to think about electronegativity differences, and we're comparing carbon to hydrogen. So which is more electronegative? We know that carbon is
more electronegative than hydrogen, so the two electrons in this bond here, carbon is going to take both of them, so
it's winner takes all. Carbon's going to hog those
electrons in this bond. All right, same for this
next carbon-hydrogen bond. Carbon is more electronegative, so it takes those electrons, and all the way around. So we can see that
carbon is now surrounded by eight electrons right,
let's count them up here, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, so four minus eight is equal to minus four, so we already knew that minus four was going
to be the oxidation state for carbon. Let's move on to another molecule here, so C2H4, this is ethene, or ethylene. What's the oxidation state of carbon in this molecule? Well hydrogen should be plus one, and we have four of them
for a total of plus four. So the total for carbon
should be minus four, because that total has to sum to zero, but this time we have two carbons, so minus four divided by two gives us minus two,
each carbon should have an oxidation state of minus two. And let's verify that, let's put in our bonding electrons, and let's calculate the oxidation state of carbon by using our
little formula here. So you put in our bonding electrons, and let's just pick one of the carbons to start off with, let's say we're talking about the carbon on the right. So we think about
electronegativity differences, and we know carbon is more
electronegative than hydrogen, so carbon's going to
steal those electrons, and same thing over here, carbon's more electronegative, so carbon steals those electrons too. When we get to this double bond here between the two carbons, we
have these four electrons, and now we're trying to
compare the electronegativity of carbon, to carbon, and obviously, that's the same electronegativity. So with four electrons, we're going to divide
those electrons equally, because both of those carbons have the same value for
the electronegativity and so we take those four electrons, we divide them in half, so we give two electrons to one carbon and two electrons to the other carbon. So carbon normally has
four valence electrons, right, so we're using our formula here for oxidation state. Oxidation state is equal to the number of valence electrons that carbon is supposed to have, minus the number of valence electrons around carbon in our drawings, so let's count them up after we've accounted
for electronegativity. That's one, two, three, four, five, and six, so four minus six gives us an oxidation state for carbon of minus two, which is in agreement with what we calculated over here. Keep in mind that each carbon was supposed to have an oxidation state of minus two, so if we look over here at the carbon on the left, and we just assign those
electrons really quickly, we can see that that would
be the same caluclation, four minus six gives us minus two, so each carbon has an
oxidation state of minus two. We move on to another molecule, so CH2O, this is formaldehyde, and we know that oxygen usually has an oxidation state of minus two, and we have one oxygen for a total of minus two down here. Hydrogen usually has an oxidation state of plus one, and we have two of them for plus two. This total has to sum to zero, so carbon should have an oxidation state of zero in this molecule. And let's go ahead and
look at the dot structure. We put in all of our bonding electrons, so we can find the oxidation state easier, and we think about
electronegativity differences. We know carbon's more
electronegative than hydrogen so carbon takes those electrons. Same for this bond, carbon
takes those electrons. But now, now we're going to compare carbon to oxygen, and we know oxygen
is more electronegative than carbon, so oxygen's going to take all of those electrons, so all four of those electrons in that double bond. So it's winner takes all
when you're thinking about oxidation states. So because oxygen is more electronegative, it takes all of those electrons, and now we can see that
carbon is surrounded by four electrons, so one, two, three, four, carbon is supposed to have four valence electrons around it, and here we see it is surrounded by four and once we take into
account electronegativity, so four minus four gives
us an oxidation state of zero, so in the formaldehyde molecule, carbon has an oxidation state of zero, which is what we predicted over here. Let's think about oxygen. We said that oxygen would
have an oxidation state of minus two, so let's look at oxygen, oxygen is right here. Let's think about how
many valence electrons oxygen should have. Well, because of it's position
on the periodic table, oxygen should have six valence electrons. How many electrons are around it now, once we've accounted
for electronegativity? Well, here's one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight. So six minus eight gives
us an oxidation state for oxygen of minus two. What about for hydrogen? So hydrogen should have
one valence electron, but there's zero electrons around it here because carbon's more
electronegative than hydrogen, so one minus zero gives
us an oxidation state of plus one, which is what
we predicted over here, and the same thing for this hydrogen. So this formula works for other atoms too. All right, let's do another example, and this time we're doing formic acid, so CH2O2, oxygen should be minus two, and we have two of them, so we have minus four
for totaling our oxygens. Hydrogen should be plus one, and we have two of them
for a total of plus two, and now, this total has
to (mumbles) equal zero. So we know that carbon's oxidation state should be plus two in the
formic acid molecule here. So let's go over and put
in our bonding electrons, so we put in all of our
bonding electrons here, and we think about the
oxidation state of carbon, we think about electronegativities. So carbon is more
electronegative than hydrogen, so carbon gets those two
electrons in that bond, but over here, oxygen
is more electronegative than carbon, so oxygen
takes those electrons, and the same thing above, oxygen is more
electronegative than carbon, so oxygen takes those electrons too. So what's the oxidation state of carbon in formic acid? Well, carbon is supposed to
have four valence electrons, and from that we subtract the number of electrons around carbon, once we've accounted
for electronegativity. Once we pretend like everything is ionic, and that's only two electrons this time, so four minus two gives
us an oxidation state for carbon of plus two,
just like we predicted over here. So you can see every molecule we've done so far, has had a
different oxidation state for carbon, carbon is unique, it has all these different
oxidation states. Let's finally look at carbon dioxide. So oxygen should have an oxidation state of minus two, and we have two of them for a total of minus four, so carbon must have an oxidation state of plus four, so we look
at our dot structure over here, and we put in
our bonding electrons, and we think about electronegativity. Oxygen is more
electronegative than carbon, so oxygen is going to steal -- each oxygen is going
to steal the electrons in those bonds. Let me re-draw it here. I'll show oxygen with all these electrons around it so the four electrons in that double bond here, are all going to be on
this oxygen on the left. Same thing for the oxygen on the right. It has these lone pairs of electrons, and it's more electronegative than carbon, so it steals all of those electrons, which leaves carbon with zero electrons around it, so to find
carbon's oxidation state, we know carbon should have four valence electrons, and here, we have zero electrons around carbon. So four minus zero gives
us an oxidation state of plus four, just as we predicted, and if you wanted to do each oxygen, oxygen should have six valence electrons, and here we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, so six minus eight gives us minus two for the oxidation state of oxygen. All right, let's go back up to the beginning here. Let's look at all these
different oxidation states that we covered for carbon. So we started off with an oxidation state for carbon of minus four, we went to minus two, and then we went to zero, and then we went to plus two, and then finally, we
ended up with plus four. So carbon can have a
range of oxidation states, from minus four to plus four, when you're talking about
carbon with four bonds. And you can also have in between, right, it's possible, of course,
for carbon to have an oxidation state of plus three, I just didn't do an example like that in this video.